همه چیز درباره حروف اضافه در زبان انگلیسی

یادگیری حروف اضافه Prepositions همواره یکی از سخت ترین موارد آموزشی است. بهترین راه برای یادگیری این دسته از کلمات، یادگیری آنها در جملات مثال و دوره مکرر این مثال هاست. در این مقاله رایج ترین و پرکاربرد ترین حروف اضافه Prepositions را در آموزش زبان انگلیسی در جملات مثال بررسی می کنیم.

Everything about Prepositions 

Collected & compiled by Hamid R. Bagheri

Source: http://www.commonmistakes.blogfa.com/

A preposition describes a relationship between other words in a sentence. In itself, a word like "in" or "after" is rather meaningless and hard to define in mere words.

Consider the professor's desk and all the prepositional phrases we can use while talking about it. You can sit before the desk (or in front of the desk). The professor can sit on the desk (when he's being informal) or behind the desk, and then his feet are under the desk or beneath the desk. He can stand beside the desk (meaning next to the desk), before the desk, between the desk and you, or even on the desk (if he's really strange). If he's clumsy, he can bump into the desk or try to walk through the desk (and stuff would fall off the desk). Passing his hands over the desk or resting his elbows upon the desk, he often looks across the desk and speaks of the desk or concerning the desk as if there were nothing else like the desk. Because he thinks of nothing except the desk, sometimes you wonder about the desk, what's in the desk, what he paid for the desk, and if he could live without the desk. You can walk toward the desk, to the desk, around the desk, by the desk, and even past the desk while he sits at the desk or leans against the desk.

All of this happens, of course, in time: during the class, before the class, until the class, throughout the class, after the class, etc. And the professor can sit there in a bad mood [another adverbial construction].
 

List of common prepositions
 

 Prepositions of Time: at, on, and in
We use at to designate specific times.
The train is due at 12:15 p.m.

We use on to designate days and dates.
My brother is coming on Monday.
We're having a party on the Fourth of July.

We use in for nonspecific times during a day, a month, a season, or a year.
She likes to jog in the morning.
It's too cold in winter to run outside.
He started the job in 1971.
He's going to quit in August.

 Prepositions of Place: at, on, and in
We use at for specific addresses.
Grammar English lives at 55 Boretz Road in Durham.

We use on to designate names of streets, avenues, etc.
Her house is on Boretz Road.

And we use in for the names of land-areas (towns, counties, states, countries, and continents).
She lives in Durham.
Durham is in Windham County.
Windham County is in Connecticut.
 
 

Prepositions of Movement: to
and No Preposition
We use to in order to express movement toward a place.
They were driving to work together.
She's going to the dentist's office this morning.

 With the words home, downtown, uptown, inside, outside, downstairs, upstairs, we use no preposition.
Grandma went upstairs
Grandpa went home.
They both went outside.

 Prepositions of Time: for and since
We use for when we measure time (seconds, minutes, hours, days, months, years).
He held his breath for seven minutes.
She's lived there for seven years.
The British and Irish have been quarreling for seven centuries.

We use since with a specific date or time.
He's worked here since 1970.
She's been sitting in the waiting room since two-thirty.

Prepositions with nouns, adjectives, and verbs.
Prepositions are sometimes so firmly wedded to other words that they have practically become one word. (In fact, in other languages, such as German, they would have become one word.) This occurs in three categories: nouns, adjectives, and verbs.
 
 

 A combination of verb and preposition

. The word that is joined to the verb is then called a particle is called a phrasal verb.

 Idiomatic Expressions with Prepositions

·         agree to a proposal, with a person, on a price, in principle

·         argue about a matter, with a person, for or against a proposition

·         compare to to show likenesses, with to show differences (sometimes similarities)

·         correspond to a thing, with a person

·         differ from an unlike thing, with a person

·         live at an address, in a house or city, on a street, with other people

Unnecessary Prepositions
In everyday speech, we fall into some bad habits, using prepositions where they are not necessary. It would be a good idea to eliminate these words altogether, but we must be especially careful not to use them in formal, academic prose.

·         She met up with the new coach in the hallway.

·         The book fell off of the desk.

·         He threw the book out of the window.

·         She wouldn't let the cat inside of the house. [or use "in"]

·         Where did they go to?

·         Put the lamp in back of the couch. [use "behind" instead]

·         Where is your college at?

نویسنده: حمیدرضا باقری

منبع: http://commonmistakes.blogfa.com

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